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C052T102M2R5CA Datasheet(PDF) 4 Page - Kemet Corporation |
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C052T102M2R5CA Datasheet(HTML) 4 Page - Kemet Corporation |
4 / 15 page Effect of Temperature: Both capacitance and dissipa- tion factor are affected by variations in temperature. The max- imum capacitance change with temperature is defined by the temperature characteristic. However, this only defines a “box” bounded by the upper and lower operating temperatures and the minimum and maximum capacitance values. Within this “box”, the variation with temperature depends upon the spe- cific dielectric formulation. Typical curves for KEMET capaci- tors are shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. These figures also include the typical change in dissipation factor for KEMET capacitors. Insulation resistance decreases with temperature. Typically, the insulation resistance at maximum rated temper- ature is 10% of the 25°C value. Effect of Voltage: Class I ceramic capacitors are not affected by variations in applied AC or DC voltages. For Class II and III ceramic capacitors, variations in voltage affect only the capacitance and dissipation factor. The application of DC voltage higher than 5 vdc reduces both the capacitance and dissipation factor. The application of AC voltages up to 10-20 Vac tends to increase both capacitance and dissipation factor. At higher AC voltages, both capacitance and dissipation factor begin to decrease. Typical curves showing the effect of applied AC and DC voltage are shown in Figure 6 for KEMET X7R capacitors and Figure 7 for KEMET Z5U capacitors. Effect of Frequency: Frequency affects both capaci- tance and dissipation factor. Typical curves for KEMET multi- layer ceramic capacitors are shown in Figures 8 and 9. The variation of impedance with frequency is an impor- tant consideration in the application of multilayer ceramic capacitors. Total impedance of the capacitor is the vector of the capacitive reactance, the inductive reactance, and the ESR, as illustrated in Figure 2. As frequency increases, the capacitive reactance decreases. However, the series inductance (L) shown in Figure 1 produces inductive reactance, which increases with frequency. At some frequency, the impedance ceases to be capacitive and becomes inductive. This point, at the bottom of the V-shaped impedance versus frequency curves, is the self-resonant frequency. At the self-resonant fre- quency, the reactance is zero, and the impedance consists of the ESR only. Typical impedance versus frequency curves for KEMET multilayer ceramic capacitors are shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12. These curves apply to KEMET capacitors in chip form, with- out leads. Lead configuration and lead length have a significant impact on the series inductance. The lead inductance is approximately 10nH/inch, which is large compared to the inductance of the chip. The effect of this additional inductance is a decrease in the self-resonant frequency, and an increase in impedance in the inductive region above the self-resonant frequency. Effect of Time: The capacitance of Class II and III dielectrics change with time as well as with temperature, volt- age and frequency. This change with time is known as “aging.” It is caused by gradual realignment of the crystalline structure of the ceramic dielectric material as it is cooled below its Curie temperature, which produces a loss of capacitance with time. The aging process is predictable and follows a logarithmic decay. Typical aging rates for C0G, X7R, and Z5U dielectrics are as follows: C0G None X7R 2.0% per decade of time Z5U 5.0% per decade of time Typical aging curves for X7R and Z5U dielectrics are shown in Figure 13. The aging process is reversible. If the capacitor is heat- ed to a temperature above its Curie point for some period of time, de-aging will occur and the capacitor will regain the capacitance lost during the aging process. The amount of de- aging depends on both the elevated temperature and the length of time at that temperature. Exposure to 150°C for one- half hour or 125°C for two hours is usually sufficient to return the capacitor to its initial value. Because the capacitance changes rapidly immediately after de-aging, capacitance measurements are usually delayed for at least 10 hours after the de-aging process, which is often referred to as the “last heat.” In addition, manufacturers utilize the aging rates to set factory test limits which will bring the capacitance within the specified tolerance at some future time, to allow for customer receipt and use. Typically, the test limits are adjusted so that the capacitance will be within the specified tolerance after either 1,000 hours or 100 days, depending on the manufacturer and the product type. © KEMET Electronics Corporation, P.O. Box 5928, Greenville, S.C. 29606, (864) 963-6300 7 APPLICATION NOTES FOR MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS |
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