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ATXMEGA128B1 Datasheet(PDF) 8 Page - ATMEL Corporation |
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ATXMEGA128B1 Datasheet(HTML) 8 Page - ATMEL Corporation |
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8 / 138 page  8 XMEGA B1 [DATASHEET] 8330C–AVR–07/2012 The ALU is directly connected to the fast-access register file. The 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers all have single clock cycle access time allowing single-cycle arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operation between registers or between a register and an immediate. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit address pointers for program and data space addressing, enabling efficient address calculations. The memory spaces are linear. The data memory space and the program memory space are two different memory spaces. The data memory space is divided into I/O registers and SRAM. In addition, the EEPROM can be memory mapped in the data memory. All I/O status and control registers reside in the lowest 4KB addresses of the data memory. This is referred to as the I/O memory space. The lowest 64 addresses can be accessed directly, or as the data space locations from 0x00 to 0x3F. The rest is the extended I/O memory space, ranging from 0x0040 to 0x0FFF. I/O registers here must be accessed as data space locations using load (LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions. The SRAM holds data. Code execution from SRAM is not supported. It can easily be accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The first SRAM address is 0x2000. Data addresses 0x1000 to 0x1FFF are reserved for memory mapping of EEPROM. The program memory is divided in two sections, the application program section and the boot program section. Both sections have dedicated lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM instruction that is used for self- programming of the application flash memory must reside in the boot program section. The application section contains an application table section with separate lock bits for write and read/write protection. The application table section can be used for save storing of nonvolatile data in the program memory. 6.4 ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register. Single-register operations can also be executed. The ALU operates in direct connection with all 32 general purpose registers. In a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed and the result is stored in the register file. After an arithmetic or logic operation, the status register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation. ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit functions. Both 8- and 16-bit arithmetic is supported, and the instruction set allows for efficient implementation of 32-bit aritmetic. The hardware multiplier supports signed and unsigned multiplication and fractional format. 6.4.1 Hardware Multiplier The multiplier is capable of multiplying two 8-bit numbers into a 16-bit result. The hardware multiplier supports different variations of signed and unsigned integer and fractional numbers: Multiplication of unsigned integers Multiplication of signed integers Multiplication of a signed integer with an unsigned integer Multiplication of unsigned fractional numbers Multiplication of signed fractional numbers Multiplication of a signed fractional number with an unsigned one A multiplication takes two CPU clock cycles. 6.5 Program Flow After reset, the CPU starts to execute instructions from the lowest address in the flash programmemory ‘0.’ The program counter (PC) addresses the next instruction to be fetched. Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions capable of addressing the whole address space directly. Most AVR instructions use a 16-bit word format, while a limited number use a 32-bit format. |
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